Communication Barriers in an Ornanization-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Quickly depict a circumstance wherein you have felt misjudged or individuals neglected to follow up on your Communication as coordinated. What, as you would see it, turned out badly? Answer: The Situation A couple of days back I went the merchant and got a few things. I needed to convey a few things to my mom's place which is on the opposite side of the town. Consequently, I bought the basic food item things and took a solitary bill. Be that as it may, I mentioned the retailer to convey certain things in the rundown to my mom's home and a few things to mine. I composed both the addresses and went to go to my classes. At the point when I arrived at home I saw the that the things to be conveyed at my place were not all I needed and those conveyed at my mom's place were likewise not according to my guidelines Consequently, the retailer neglected to make a move according to my correspondence. Issues in the circumstance regarding correspondence: Utilizing Berlo's Model (Eunson 2012), I will recognize the issues in my correspondence with the retailer. At the point when I visited the businessperson, it was during the night on a weekday where the horde of clients is huge. I educated him about the conveyance and left the bill under the parcels in the truck. I for one accept that he more likely than not confronted an issue searching for the bill and this may be a motivation behind why he conveyed an inappropriate things. Utilizing the model as created by Berlo, the sender has a few boundaries to cross while conveying; he alters the message, encodes it and afterward transmits it to the contrary party. In a similar way because of some disarray, I scratched a portion of the things and ticked them once more. In this manner making the message indistinct. At the point when I moved the message to the retailer, he didn't consider requesting explanations to assist him with interpreting it appropriately. Because of the clamor and surge in the store, there was some miscommunication between the retailer and me because of which an inappropriate things were conveyed at an inappropriate spots. Accordingly the channel of correspondence was wrong too as I didn't make it understood for him what things must be conveyed. The businessperson had a place with an alternate culture from mine and subsequently there was a distinction in our accents, which may have likewise leaded to the miscommunication Significant issues Clamor As there was a surge at the store, it is conceivable that during the commotion obstruction, my message didn't get passed on unmistakably to the businessperson Channel-The channel of correspondence which is the rundown I arranged for the businessperson, denoting the things which must be conveyed at two better places was not satisfactory and along these lines the channel through which we imparted was not straightforward Encoding-I neglected to encode the message and help the exchange of data. Had I encoded my message obviously for the client (Bovee, Thill and Raina 2016); I would have had the option to transmit an unmistakable message. Disentangling The businessperson is additionally to blame in this correspondence as he was unable to interpret the message unmistakably. On the off chance that he required and explanations, he ought to have given some input with the goal that the message that was transmitted was clear. (Allude to Figure.1 in the addendum.) Boundaries to Communication The utilization of language terms, which implies the utilization of over-entangled and new terms. Enthusiastic hindrances Many individuals frequently face certain troubles to communicate their feelings, certain subjects may regularly be beyond reach, and in this manner they can't communicate unmistakably (Bovee and Thill 2012). These 'untouchable's subjects may incorporate sexuality, sex, religion and governmental issues. Absence of intrigue or interruptions may likewise result as a boundary to the correspondence. Numerous multiple times they perspective or the impression of individuals may contrast from each other which at that point will in general make correspondence hindrances (Brink and Costigan 2015). Physical handicaps additionally assume a job in turning into a hindrance to correspondence. These inabilities may remember hearing issues and challenges for discourse. Physical boundaries to non-verbal correspondence incorporate obstructions like not having the option to see the motions, stance and general non-verbal communication, which will in general make a correspondence troublesome and less powerful. Depending on innovation like calls, instant messages and other specialized strategies are frequently not powerful (Guffey and Loewy 2012). Regularly language and new complement additionally assume the hindrance's job. Social contrasts additionally will in general assume a significant job in turning into a boundary to correspondence. Procedures to conquer correspondence boundaries To manage correspondence hindrances and issues there are sure techniques that can be received to bring about a powerful correspondence. These procedures are as per the following: Listening appropriately It is imperative to be an audience in a discussion. One needs to comprehend what different says and ought to have the option to listen what isn't said in any way. All the time individuals simply tune in to reply; be that as it may, the point ought to be to tune in to comprehend (McQuail and Windahl 2015). Thus, the primary procedure for improving relational abilities incorporates listening appropriately. Maintaining a strategic distance from the utilization of confused terms otherwise called language. Correspondence must be kept as straightforward as could be expected under the circumstances. Not every person comprehends the contractions and short structures. Everybody isn't similarly learned and along these lines one ought not utilize confused specialized terms in their discussion. In any case, in my circumstance, this was not the situation, my penmanship or the utilization of shortenings must have lead to the misconception. Keeping a receptive outlook and talking in clear terms-One ought not be critical and make inferences quickly (Alberts, Nakayama and Martin 2015). An individual ought to get into the other's show and comprehend their side of the story in this way make the correspondence a triumph. One needs to remember the foundation of the other individual before concurring or opposing this idea. One ought to likewise be clear when imparting. They ought not pass equivocal remarks or talk in a tone or a voice level that others may think that its hard to comprehend. Mindfulness about social contrasts People has a place from troublesome foundations and societies in this manner an individual must consider each other and be delicate so the correspondence is clear and not misjudged (Hutchinson 2013). End In this way, from the conversation it tends to be expressed that correspondence is a trade between two individuals, which should be clear, quick and legit. The gatherings, which are engaged with a correspondence procedure, are both similarly liable for the accomplishment of the correspondence. References Alberts, J.K., Nakayama, T.K. also, Martin, J.N., 2015,Human correspondence in the public arena. Pearson. Bovee, C.L. also, Thill, J.V., 2012,Excellence in business correspondence. Pearson Higher Ed. Bovee, C.L., Thill, J.V. also, Raina, R.L., 2016,Business correspondence today. Pearson Education India. Verge, K.E. what's more, Costigan, R.D., 2015. Oral relational abilities: Are the needs of the work environment and AACSB-authorize business programs aligned?Academy of Management Learning Education,Vol. 14 No. 2, pp.205-221. Chaney, L. also, Martin, J., 2013,Intercultural business correspondence. Pearson Higher Ed. Eunson, B., 2012,Communicating in the 21st Century, Google eBook. John Wiley Sons. Guffey, M.E. what's more, Loewy, D., 2012,Essentials of business correspondence. Cengage Learning. Hutchinson, J., 2013, Communication models of institutional online networks: the job of the ABC social intermediary.Platform,Vol. 5 No. 1, pp.75-85. McQuail, D. what's more, Windahl, S., 2015,Communication models for the investigation of mass correspondences. Routledge.

Account for the failure of both the Power Sharing Executive and the Northern Ireland Assembly essays

Record for the disappointment of both the Power Sharing Executive and the Northern Ireland Assembly papers Record for the disappointment of both the Power Sharing Executive and the Northern Ireland Assembly To represent such a disappointment in the force sharing official it is vital for one to take a gander at the structure and the association of the Congregations just as evaluating its points and orders just as to analyze the time scale to which this has occurred. I will likely look at from the mid-seventies to the current day and all the inquiries that these numerous furthermore, different activities have raised. The force sharing official was the first and last instances of home guideline since the breakdown of During this last period the foundation of Stormont kept going from 1973 to 1974. The point of the British Government was to restore the territory to an inevitable devolution. The issue of direct guideline was to be just an impermanent measure while the important sides worked it out at the arranging table looking for a type of political settlement. Basically the fundamental components that both parties were searching for was to ensure that the region stayed a piece of the United Kingdom as long as the lion's share esteem that desire . Relative Portrayal was held so as to choose the new seventy-eight Northern Irish Assembly. The two most argumentative issue of the considerable number of issues of were the issue of organized force sharing and that of the foundation of the Chamber of Ireland, which had, an immediate contribution to the arrangement of administration as well as a likely oversight into connecting the entire framework into the Irish political framework, in this way adding an Irish measurement to the procedures in request to appease republican emotions and assumption. The official flopped on a progression of levels due to the different guaranteed irregularity by the two sides. Be that as it may, one should truly certify guarantee to the Unionists for assembling the masses with the assistance of the paramilitaries in sorting out strikes and dissent deface... <!

How to Negotiate for a Salary Increase After Probation

How to Negotiate for a Salary Increase After Probation Salary negotiations can be dreadful. Most of us want more money for the jobs we perform, but asking for it is a very different thing.Negotiating for a salary increase can be especially tough after probation. Is it even possible?In this guide, I’ll explain what probationary periods are and what you should know about them and your salary prospects before you enter into a contract. I’ll also give you tips on how to prepare for salary negotiations after probation and what to do and say during the daunting meeting. If you take all of this on board, you might be in for a bigger paycheck!DO COMPANIES OFFER SALARY INCREASES AFTER PROBATION?Before I get into the nit and grit of negotiating a salary increase, it’s worth stopping for a second, and understanding what the likelihood is for this. What are probationary periods in the first place and how common it is to get a raise after you pass the test period?What is a probationary period?As I revealed in the last sentence above, probationary periods are in essence a test to check how well you can perform in the role. Employees use them to check if they’ve made the right choice hiring you and it does provide you the opportunity to also see whether you enjoy the job and the role.The probation is generally a specific timeframe; for example, a three-month period. It’s a kind of safety net for the employer, and to so me extent you. It can help test your ability to perform in the role and to ensure you are the right fit for the team and the work environment. It does provide the employer more flexibility in dismissing you, if you don’t meet the standards set before the probation.On the other hand, if you don’t feel the job is right for you, walking away at the end of the probation period can be easier than quitting your job later on.So, how common are probations? The answer would be rather common. Most companies in both public and private sector have some sort of testing period. The length and the criteria can differ from company to company â€" always understand the rules of the probation period before entering it.In terms of salary increases and probation, the period typically ends with a performance review, which can be a good time to talk about salary issues â€" especially if you’ve performed exceptionally well.But a salary negotiation may or may not be part of the agreed period and it ca n be difficult to negotiate a raise at this early in your employment. But don’t despair â€" salary increase is possible and I’ll show you what to do!And if you’re looking to survive the probation period, check the tips for your first 90 days at a new job by Smith Arnold Partners: What to know before you accept a probationary period?Before you enter a probationary period â€" in fact, before you enter employment â€" you need to check whether you’ll have to go through probation and what the specific terms of it are. Knowing these can help you with your possible salary negotiations later on.Here’s the checklist of what to know before:Do you have a probationary period and how long is it?What are the specific terms of the period:Your duties during the probation.For the employer and yourself in terms of terminating the contract after or during the period.The performance criteria for a successful passing of the period and any other benchmarks for passing the period.The salary nego tiation timeline:Will there be an automated review after the probation?Does the company offer a review at regular intervals?Is there an option to negotiate the salary after a good probation?You would ideally want the above in writing to ensure you don’t end up in a “She said, he said” situation. You’ll most likely have the employment offer in writing, so just ask them to include or clarify the probation clauses.This can make negotiating a salary easier, but it also ensures the whole period is smoother for both of you.IF YOU DON’T ASK, YOU WON’T GET ITI once read an interesting blog post by Krystal Yee from the Give Me Back My Five Bucks and it helped me open my eyes to a crucial problem people have in terms of negotiating a raise. Other than having terms in writing, there’s another essential tip for negotiating a salary â€" not just after a probation period, but also at any point.The golden rule of getting an increase is: if you don’t ask, you probably wont’ get it .There aren’t many bosses out there willing to sit you down and say, “Let’s give you a big raise”. This isn’t to say they don’t want you to say or they don’t think you might deserve more â€" but increasing salaries just isn’t generally their priority. You need to be the active member in looking after your interests â€" no one else will do it for you.I understand that asking for more money might not come naturally to you, and it can feel uncomfortable, especially when you’ve recently joined the firm. But do you want to spend months slaving off; performing tasks that you know should pay more, just because it might seem awkward to ask?Asking for a salary increase (especially after you’ve followed the below steps) is a natural and necessary thing to do. You aren’t being a moneyhungry person â€" we all need money and we all work to get money to some extent. Naturally, you do need to follow the below steps and to establish valid reasons and justifications for the rai se.But don’t talk yourself out of it or feel bad about asking â€" if you don’t ask, you probably won’t get it. So, either you stop dreaming about the raise or step up and take initiative.Remember, asking for a salary increase is not bitchy or selfish; it’s smart. To survive in today’s competitive job market, you need to understand the value of what you do. If your employer is unwilling to even listen to your case, then someone else out there will.Asking or negotiating is not the same as getting exactly what you want â€" but you also can’t expect to get what you want, if you aren’t willing to outline it. The whole point of negotiating is reaching an agreement that suits both parties â€" a salary that satisfies you and which the employer is able to commit to at this point in time.So once more, you need to get over the hurdle of asking, before you can start dreaming about a salary increase.THE STEPS TO TAKE BEFORE STARTING SALARY NEGOTIATIONSAny good negotiator will tell you preparation is the key to a successful result. Therefore, your journey to negotiating a salary increase should start long before you enter your manager’s office and ask for the raise.So, how to prepare for the negotiations? You need to first evaluate the work environment and then carefully consider your value and performance.Evaluate the work environmentIt’s beneficial to look around a bit and carefully evaluate what is happening in the company. What this means is to understand the current financial situation of the company a little before you start asking for more money.You can’t expect the train to start moving a lot faster, if you’ve stepped into a steam train in the first place. Now this doesn’t mean you need to know the ins and outs of the company â€" you simply need to use your discretion in understanding whether it’s the right time for a raise. How do you know this? Ask yourself:Has the company been hiring many new people recently? This can be a sign of health y financial situation and open the door for negotiations.Has the company fired a lot of the staff recently? On the other hand, if many people have been fired recently, the company might be suffering financially and you might not succeed with your request.Aside from getting a sense of the financial environment of the organization, you should also consider the company’s salary position.In effect, you need to understand whether the company has an automatic salary review schedule in place. Certain companies regularly negotiate salaries and offer increases accordingly.If such a system in place, when is the next interval for these negotiations? If the salary discussion will take place within a few months anyway, you might as well wait until this happens instead of launching your own negotiations. On the other hand, if you know the company doesn’t have regular review, you can start the negotiations.Finally, look at your work environment, including the requirements and responsibilities. Has there been any change from what you were expected at the start of your probation and what you have ended up doing? Have you acquired responsibility on your own initiative or has the manager added to your tasks?If you have suddenly seen a change in your work environment and the responsibilities you have, you should start noting these down. Creating a list of things that have changed your work description or added to your challenges can help you outline why the raise is in order.Consider your value and performanceThe other important thing to consider before starting negotiations is your work performance and the value you add to the organization.As I mentioned earlier, you shouldn’t be afraid to ask for a raise, but only if you can prove you are worth it. Don’t simply ask for a salary increase for the sake of it â€" you need to prove to the company you are worth the money you are asking for.How do you evaluate your worth? Well start by listing out your duties and responsibilit ies. This means writing a list of everything you’ve been doing during the probation and the kind of tasks you’ve done. Once you have the list, you should compare it with the responsibilities listed either by the employer, either in the job description or the probation agreement you have drafted.Compare and note down any discrepancies. Have you done tasks that were not mentioned? Has the list of responsibilities changed? This simple act can help better identify your actual job description and thus help you evaluate what you should be paid based on your actual duties.You should also keep building a portfolio of achievements. This means noting down any special tasks you’ve undertaken and any specific ways you’ve helped the team or the organization in their objectives. For example, perhaps you were in charge of the sales team and under your supervision, they were able to increase their sales by 40%.Note these achievements shouldn’t be part of your regular job description, but be about the extra value you’ve added. So, if your responsibility was to meet a monthly 40% increase and you’ve done it, you’ve not added anything that wasn’t expected of you. But performing above expectations or adding more value than what was expected of you is an achievement to mention.The portfolio is helpful in highlighting the extra value you provide for the organization â€" so even if your job description hasn’t changed or you don’t perform extra duties, you can seek for a raise based on the added value you provide for the team.Finally, you want to look around in the job market and compare what you are doing to salaries out there. Does the organization pay a lot less than the average in the industry for the role?If your salary is based on junior manager role, but the list of responsibilities shows you act more like a senior manager, what are the salary differences? It can help your negotiation position to show that other organizations are offering better salaries for the same position. Furthermore, doing this research will help you see whether you are actually deserving of a salary increase or if you are just trying to milk more money.So, if you find that your position already pays a lot more than average and your list of duties doesn’t seem out of the ordinary, negotiating a raise might not be in your best interest.You can use job sites like Glassdoor and Monster to find information on different positions and average salaries. You can also talk with your colleagues (if they seem willing) and have a chat with any friend or acquaintance you have working in a similar role or the industry.But remember: don’t make direct comparisons during the negotiations. The fact your mate Steve gets more can depend on many different factors, even if you do similar jobs. But do use the information as a leverage and guidance in terms of what you could be asking.NEGOTIATING A SALARY INCREASEBy now, you should have enough proof to convince your boss that you deserve a raise. How to go about negotiating the salary increase? First, organize the meeting with the person who has been in charge of your probation. You also want the person in charge of approving raises present at the meeting.Why do you need both? Well, you want the person who’s overseen your performance to be present, as they can vouch for your performance. You also need to negotiate directly with the person who can decide the increases, as it’s always better to make your case face-to-face with them rather than have a manager speak for you.When you are organizing the meeting, be open about your intention. This doesn’t necessarily mean you need to say you want to talk about money. Instead, say you are looking discuss your role in the organization and your career growth options. This sends the message, but isn’t quite the same as organizing a meeting stating you want more money.When it comes to the actual negotiation, you need to keep in mind a few essential tips and tac tics. I’ve listed the key things to focus on with your communication style and the flow of the conversation. These include:Be polite and friendly, even if the conversation is not going your way.Explain how much you enjoy working for the company and the things you like about the new role. Do this first to ensure the people understand you do enjoy your work.Give a brief summary of what you feel you’ve helped the company to achieve. Use your list of achievements at this point to point to the positives you’ve achieved.Give your account on where you’d like the company to move forward and how you would like to see it grow. It’s great if you could offer some ideas you think might add more value to the company or the team. For example, if you’ve noticed the software for keeping track of customers has had problems, recommend another you’ve been researching about. If you think a new social media campaign on Instagram could drive up sales, provide a short introduction to this ide a. Don’t start talking about these projects or ideas as the main point, but do mention something showing your passion for helping the company and the real value you can continue to add in the future.Ask about your probation period. You want to get a sense of what the employer thought of it, did you recognize the same achievements that you did, and what is the main criticism he/she has.Give an honest account of what is the value you think you add to the organization. If you know you are being underpaid by industry standards, then don’t be afraid to nudge them towards knowing it. It can help to let them know you understand the worth of your work and to make them see that other companies might be willing to offer more.Listen to the manager and the boss, trying to get a feel of where they stand. Do you hear a lot of positive feedback? Is the feedback negative and different from your own experience? Adjust your expectations accordingly. If the management sounds positive about your pr obation and seems excited about your ideas, you have a good opportunity for focusing on the higher end of your salary expectations.Take the initiative and ask directly for you feel, for the reasons you’ve talked about (value, achievements, current industry standards, etc.), you would like to see your salary increased. Provide them with a number as well. You might not receive this, but it gives a starting point for the discussion. If you simply state you want a raise, they might give you a slight increase, but this might not be satisfactory for you. As I’ve mentioned at the start, if you don’t ask, you won’t get it.The golden rule about negotiating a salary increase is about focusing on value. You need to make the management understand how you have added value to the company and the team and how you could be adding more value in the future.Furthermore, there are three big things to avoid during a salary negotiation, especially after probation. The three big ‘no-nos’ are:T hreatening to quit or cause disruption. Even if you’ve been offered the moon by another company or you are being taken advantage big time, you can’t start threatening the company. The response in these situations would most likely be, “Well, there’s the door!” In fact, think about it; if you hate working in the organization or you know someone else is offering something better then you might as well leave now. On the other hand, if you just threaten in the hope it guarantees a pay rise, you are going to be on the black list of the management team.Taking rejection or critique personally. The manager might be blunt. He/she might just go, “Sorry Sally, we appreciate your work, but at this point in time, you really aren’t worth 3k extra.” You need to learn to distance yourself from the decisions, especially when it comes to negotiating a salary. The financial implications of increasing an employee’s pay might not have anything to do with how good the person is at his/h er work or what the organization would want to pay him/her. Sometimes issues of money are just issues of money.Complain about the role or the company. Yes, you might struggle having to do two people’s roles or having to work in a cold office. But salary negotiations are not the place to critique the organization. Remember the golden rule: the conversation should be about value â€" nothing more, nothing less. Let’s say you don’t like the fact that you suddenly had to start responding customer e-mails, which wasn’t part of your job. Instead of going, “I don’t like the fact that now I also need to write e-mails”, you should say, “I also took on the additional task of replying to customer e-mails and while I’ve not had this responsibility before, I’ve found it has helped me in my ability to serve customers.”If you stick to the above tips, then you’ll be able to showcase the management your talent and you’ll be offered a raise. Remember to think carefully whethe r you accept the offer before you say no, as you don’t want to stick with a company you don’t think appreciates your value enough. Keep in mind that no matter how well you stick to the advice, the answer can also be ‘no’. BE PREPARED FOR THE ‘NO’Whenever you ask for a salary increase, there are two possible outcomes. You either:Get a ‘yes’. This option in itself can have three outcomes:You get exactly the kind of raise you were looking for â€" positive ending.You get more than you asked for â€" extremely positive ending.You don’t get quite what you were hoping for â€" slightly disappointing ending, but you can always negotiate further or move on from the organization.Get a ‘no’. You need to be prepared for the rejection or the disappointment of not getting enough. The sooner you start thinking about those options and preparing for them, the easier it’ll be to respond to the situation and to move on from the situation. You don’t want to storm out of the off ice or hand in your notice of resignation in the heat of the moment. A ‘no’ might not be the end of the world.Therefore, if you hear the dreaded word or you feel the salary offer is disappointingly low, you should:Understand and examine your boss’ reasoning. There can be plenty of reasons for saying ‘no’, but some of the most common examples include:The company explains the decision is down to a financial situation, in which case you might be able to expect a raise as soon as the situation gets better.The company might not negotiate outside of the annual salary negotiation schedule. In this case, you might just have to wait it out.The company does not agree with your value assessment and doesn’t agree you necessarily deserve more. This is the trickiest, as it doesn’t provide much breathing room, other than finding out how you could improve your performance.If the reasons are performance-based, take a long and hard look at what your boss is telling you. What is their re asoning for the current salary or only the slightest increase? Be honest with yourself and compare the situation in the industry. As I’ve mentioned, if you’re already being paid close to the average, then you might not have much room for seeking an increase unless you drastically improve performance.What is the right move to make in these situations? According to a 2015 Glassdoor survey, 35% of employees think it’s quitting. Honestly speaking, there isn’t any ‘correct’ answer and you need to figure it out yourself. Nonetheless, you should examine the situation in different ankles depending on the reasoning. What this means is that if:The reasons are outside of your hands, meaning they aren’t performance related, you need to consider your commitment to the organization and the prospect of a raise in the near future. Did your boss hint a possible raise would be incoming as finances improve? Is the increase likely, as the annual negotiations get closer? Think how willing you are to commit to working at the organization even at the current salary and how likely you think a raise would be within a year. If you love the role and you see light at the end of the tunnel, stay and see what happens. If you really don’t feel the company is able to change the salary it pays and you feel it is undervaluing your input, you might want to move forward.The reasons are performance-based, evaluate the basis of them carefully. If you understand where the management is coming from and you feel they’ve given you clear and reasonable expectations for obtaining a salary, simply try working harder and adding more value and showing passion. Even if you don’t agree with the valuation, moving on immediately after probation might not be a good idea. Sometimes it can take longer for the company to understand your true value. So again, if you love the role and you enjoy it, consider staying put, showing that commitment and skill, and the pay rise will follow. On the other hand, if you feel you’re being taken advantage off and the organization truly doesn’t get what you are doing, consider leaving and testing the waters elsewhere.As you’ve seen, closing the door might not always be the best idea. While you should never continue working for a company that doesn’t appreciate your value or which doesn’t pay the right salary for the work you do, sometimes patience is a virtue. You don’t want to end an employment and find yourself in a situation where you aren’t getting offers for roles. Before you close the door behind you, check the current job market and ensure there are options out there that seem either more fitting for your talent and passion, or which pay the kind of salary you are looking for.To get over the disappointed, take these tips by Brendon Burchard on board. The video is perfect for getting past disappointments in life â€" whether it’s salary negotiations or job application rejections. THE BOTTOM LINEBefore you take the st ep of negotiation for a salary increase after probation, you need to focus on two things: understand you won’t get what you want until you are prepared to ask and outline it, and you need to know your value to the role and the company before you can put a figure on it. Assess and evaluate the work environment and your own input â€" be able to show how, when and why you are useful and valuable to the organization.When you enter the negotiations, be open and willing to listen. Do not slam the door of opportunity just because you don’t agree with your management. Always consider your options and understand where the other party is coming from. If you don’t get what you want, then be prepared to take the leap if it’s the right choice to make.

Animal Farm Quotes Explained

The following Animal Farm quotes are some of the most recognizable examples of political satire in English literature. The novel, which tells the story of farm animals who organize a revolution, is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the regime of Joseph Stalin. Discover how Orwell creates this political allegory and conveys themes of corruption, totalitarianism, and propaganda with the following analysis of key quotes. Four legs good, two legs bad. (Chapter 3) After Snowball establishes the Seven Commandments of Animalism, he composes this statement (Four legs good, two legs bad) in order to simplify Animalisms concepts for the other animals. Simple, xenophobic statements such as this one are a trademark of dictators and fascist regimes throughout history. Initially, the expression gives the animals a common enemy and inspires unity among them. Over the course of the novel, the slogan is distorted and reinterpreted to suit the needs of the powerful leaders. Four legs good, two legs bad is general enough that Napoleon and the other pigs can apply it to any individual or situation. Eventually, the expression is changed to four legs good, two legs better, demonstrating that the farm animals revolution has led to the same oppressive social system they initially sought to overthrow. I will work harder! (Chapter 3) This statement—Boxer the workhorse’s personal mantra—demonstrates the sublimation of the self under the concept of the greater good. Boxer’s existence becomes wrapped up in his efforts to support the Farm. Any setback or failure is blamed on his own personal lack of effort. This quotation demonstrates how concept of communal effort, upon which Animalism was founded, gets perverted into a self-destructive commitment to endless toil. Under Napoleons totalitarian reign, failure has nothing to do with the leadership; instead, its always blamed on the common working animal’s lack of faith or energy. â€Å"At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws.† (Chapter 5) Napoleon enforces his rule through propaganda, misinformation, and a cult of personality, but he initially seizes power through violence, as depicted in this quotation. This scene takes place just as Snowballs eloquent, passionate ideas are winning the debate over the Windmill. In order to wrest power away from Snowball, Napoleon unleashes his specially-trained dogs to drive Snowball away from the Farm. This violent episode mirrors the way power was seized from Leon Trotsky by Joseph Stalin. Trotsky was an effective speaker, and Stalin drove him into exile and relentlessly attempted to assassinate him decades before finally succeeding in 1940. In addition, Napoleons dogs demonstrate the way violence can be used as a means of oppression. Whereas Snowball works hard to educate the animals and improve the Farm, Napoleon trains his dogs in secret and then uses them to keep the animals in line. He focuses not on developing an informed and empowered populace, but rather on using violence to enforce his will. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. (Chapter 8) After Napoleon drinks whiskey for the first time, he suffers a hangover so terrible that he believes he is dying. As a result, he forbids the animals from drinking any alcohol at all, because he believed it to be poison. Later, he recovers and learns how to enjoy alcohol without making himself sick. The rule is quietly changed to this statement (No animal shall drink alcohol to excess), but the fact that the alteration has ever happened is denied. The transformation of this rule demonstrates how language is used to manipulate and control the animals according to even the most trivial whims of the leader, Napoleon.ï » ¿ In the Soviet Union, Stalin’s style of dictatorship was notable for the extreme cult of personality he created, linking himself personally to the success and health of the nation. With this quotation, Orwell shows how such an extreme cult of personality is developed. Napoleon takes credit for every good event that takes place on the Farm, and he makes loyalty to himself personally equivalent to support of the Farm. He encourages the animals to compete to be the most loyal, the most dedicated, and the most supportive of the Farm and Animalism—and, thus, of Napoleon. â€Å"Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker’s!† (Chapter 9) When Boxer becomes too sick to work, he is unceremoniously sold to a knacker to be killed and processed into glue and other materials. In return for Boxers life, Napoleon gets a few barrels of whiskey. The brutal and unceremonious treatment loyal, hard-working Boxer shocks the other animals, even coming close to spurring rebellion. This quotation, spoken by Benjamin the donkey, reflects the horror that the animals feel upon learning of Boxers fate. It also clearly demonstrates the ruthlessness and violence at the heart of Napoleons totalitarian regime, as well as the efforts made by the regime to keep that violence secret. All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. (Chapter 10) This quotation, which is seen painted on the side of the barn, represents the ultimate betrayal of the animals by their leaders. At the start of the animals revolution, the seventh commandment of Animalism was, All animals are equal. Indeed, equality and unity among animals was the revolutions core principle. However, as Napoleon consolidates power, his regime become increasingly corrupt. He and his fellow pig leaders seek to separate themselves out from the other animals. They walk on their hind legs, live in the farm house, and even negotiate with humans (once common enemy of Animalism) for personal gain. These behaviors directly oppose the principles of the original revolutionary movement. When this statement, which itself directly opposes Animalism, appears on the barn, the animals are told they are wrong to remember it any other way—reinforcing Napoleons willingness to brazenly alter historical record in order to manipulate and control the animals.

Emily Doe, The Stanford Rape Victim Essay - 1996 Words

A tiny drop in the ocean may seem like nothing. That single drop certainly can’t make a huge difference, right? Wrong, that drop can make all the difference in the world. That small drop of water creates a ripple in that large ocean. Emily Doe, the Stanford Rape Victim, is the drop who rippled our nation. She handed the nation a microscope and held it up to the issue of rape and sexual assault for everyone to see. Emily Doe represents a much needed change in our society, and a voice for all battered women. Emily Doe embodies the voices of all women who have been raped or sexually assaulted. She has awoken the sleeping giant on this terrible issue. Today it is said that, â€Å"Every 109 seconds, an American is sexually assaulted†¦[and] 1 out of every 6 American women [have] been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime† (â€Å"Statistics†). She started a movement followed by women from all across the nation. Which was empowered by her twelve paged letter to her assaulter about her journey to where she is today. Emily Doe came from a loving family, has a caring boyfriend, and a full time job. She seemed to have her life figured out until the night of the incident. January 17, 2015, she was hanging out at a fraternity party with her sister. Emily Doe became extremely intoxicated and very vulnerable. As the night went on her sister became lost in the crowd of party goers. Emily Doe was left alone and afraid. It was not long before her vulnerability was taken note ofShow MoreRelatedCriminal Behavior And Its Effects On The Crime1872 Words   |  8 Pagesoffences such as rape and molestation often receive sentences that are not severe enough to account for their crime. These lax sentences are due to the fact that rape has had ambiguous definitions in the past portions of the blame are shifted onto the victim or considered out of the offender’s control and the offender’s behaviour outside of the crime tend to impact the severity of their punishment. A contemporary example of this is Brock Turner, convicted sexual offender of Stanford University. TurnerRead MoreJustice And The Criminal Justice System Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pagesare subjective and many times individuals’ concept of what is fair or just differ. Throughout a recent court case involving a Stanford University swimmer being charged with rape, that issue became well evident. This case involved a Stanford student, Brock Turner, being charged with sexually assaulting an unconscious woman on the school’s campus behind a dumpster. The victim who has chosen to remain unidentified read an empowering letter at Brock Turner’s sentencing hearing, addressing him and theRead MoreThe Stanford Rape Case At Stanford University Campus Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe first case study that will be discussed is the Stanford rape case which occurred at Stanford University campus in January 18th 2015. The perpetrator’s name is Brock Turner. Turner and the victim attended a Kappa Alpha fraternity party. He was found guilty of raping and sexually assaulting a 22-year-old woman, who was found unconscious and heavily incapacitated behind a dumpster in an alleyway. The victim was given a pseudo-name (Emily Doe), and remains anonymous. Turner was a three-time championRead MoreRape And The Connection Of Feminist Criminology And Labelling Theory Essay2207 Words   |  9 PagesThe term rape is defined as an ‘unlawful sexual intercourse by force, and without legal or factual consent’ by Gennaro Vito, Jeffrey Maahs and Ronald Holmes (2006) in ‘Criminology: Theory, Research and Policy’ (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 2006: p. 280). Rape can be in the form of the penis penetrating the vagina, oral, anal and an assault using a foreign object. However, there have been many controversies of what is rape and the use of force that is required. Several researchers, practitioners, legalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesAnother exception to the rule of brevity is that a complicated point sometimes requires repeating. Just dont repeat it with the same words, and dont do it more than once. Be straightforward. Another mark of good style is saying it straight, as Emily Dickinson would say. You should say that Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow. Only a lawyer could get away with Mary was the legal owner of a diminutive, potential sheep, whose fleece was as innocent of coloring as congealed atmospheric

Cloud Computing Two Articles Free Essays

Cloud Computing Articles One of the recent trends in the fast paced field of Information Technology is the development of cloud computing. Simply put, cloud computing is the outsourcing of business processing and storage to â€Å"virtual† servers over a network, most commonly the internet. The advance of network technology has allowed companies to transfer large amounts of their business intelligence systems to outside servers, without compromising data-transfer speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloud Computing: Two Articles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two recent articles from different publications covered the subject of cloud computing. The first, found online from InfoWorld. om, describes the different levels of cloud computing and what each entails. The second article, found in a monthly publication of Computer World, details the pros and cons of clouds in IT. According to the InfoWorld. com article, cloud computing is â€Å"a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT’s existing capabilities. † (InfoWorld. om) Clouds are a modern answer to IT’s ever increasing needs for storage space and computing power. There are several types of services that these virtual servers offer, ranging from utility applications to email spam filtering. Currently, most of the servers must be accessed ind ividually, but they are becoming more integrated as the field progresses. One type of cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), is the hosting of one software application through the internet. An example this type of application is Salesforce. com, a sales representative management system. By providing the software online, Salesforce. com provides an easy way for managers to monitor and diagnose sales data, without the need for their own costly IT system in-house. SaaS also gives an advantage to the host company, because updates and bug fixes are limited to one program which they control. There are several variations to the Saas system that are offered in cloud computing. Utility computing involves a company’s memory, input / output Storage, and computational capacity being accessed through the network to a â€Å"virtual† server. Currently, most cloud utility computing is for non critical intelligence, due to newness of the system. According to the article, these online servers could one day replace most of the current physical datacenter. Another variation to Saas within cloud computing is web based application programming interfaces. APIs are â€Å"interfaces implemented by an online source that enable interaction with other software† (Wikepedia. org). There is a wide range of APIs used with business intelligence. Some examples would be Google Maps used by delivery services, shipping tracking for UPS, or online tax processing programs such as TurboTax. One of the original forms of cloud computing are managed service providers (MSPs), which are applications that are exposed to the host company, rather than the end user. Examples of MSPs are e-mail virus scanning and anti-spam services, or desktop management offered by companies such as CenterBeam. Managed security services, such as firewalls, are also found within cloud computing. The Computer World article goes further to describe an aspect of cloud computing called infrastructure as a service (Iaas). â€Å"With public cloud IaaS, organizations pay per use or per cluster of resources for an external cloud service provider to host their virtual servers†¦ IT maintains control over the applications without worrying about configuring, upgrading or patching servers and other infrastructure. If a new application is needed, IT simply loads that application onto the service provider’s virtual server and the software is available to users† (Computer World). By migrating the physical datacenters to virtual servers, companies are saving maintenance, power and labor costs from the upkeep of those resources. Most established companies are making the transition to clouds slowly, a couple of datacenters at a time, as they become outdated. Startup businesses, however, can use virtual servers as a great advantage to avoid costly equipment purchases. â€Å"Bernard Golden, CEO of consultancy HyperStatus, agrees that Iaas offers a lifeline when it comes to rising data center costs and real estate constraints. It offers IT the opportunity to reduce the data center management burden, yet improve customer service† (Computer World). For a company who is contemplating the switch to virtual servers, there is also security and legality issues to consider. Migrating large amounts of data, without disrupting critical files, can be risky. One company, Amylin Pharmaceuticals, â€Å"started slowly with self contained, non mission critical applications such as testing and development so they could learn the ins and outs of moving into the cloud† (Computer World). The company should inquire as to the host server’s security and firewall systems, and should always keep hard copies of important data and applications. Business documents that are highly valuable to a company, such as patent documents, customer databases, and technical drawings are not usually stored in the cloud network. The international field of computer hacking is expanding, especially in developing countries, making industrial espionage a serious subject for businesses to consider. A company migrating to cloud computing must also consider the legal aspects of moving their IT systems. Software licenses may not apply to a public network, where the applications can be shared by several end user computers. The company should also know the terms of contracting with the cloud servers, should they decide to break or end the agreement. All data that could be detrimental to the firm should be destroyed by the host server once the contract is void. Some businesses are closely regulated by government agencies such as the FDA or ANSA, and should keep relative files readily accessible. There are also government regulations to consider concerning customer information. The article describes how IT manager Charles Swartz, of Preferred Hotel Group, adheres to regulations. â€Å"Because the company deals with credit card transactions, it must follow the Payment Card Data Security Standard, which requires physical control over servers handling that data. To avoid any complications, Swartz makes sure all credit card transactions go directly to a third party and he avoids keeping any of that data on his outsourced infrastructure† (Computer World). Another issue to consider when switching to a cloud network is computing speed. Where IT systems may have been fast to load or run on a local area network, a wide area network could transfer at a higher or lower speed. With modern business transactions becoming faster than ever, customers expect quick response. â€Å"Delays of just a few milliseconds can cause them [end users] to be frustrated† (Computer World). Switching to cloud networks can be an advantage to speed, if the cloud provides a larger bandwidth than the in-house servers. A higher bandwidth also allows more end users to access the system at once without slowing download speeds significantly. Jason Harper, vice president of technology at Morgans Hotel Group in New York, say customer satisfaction has increased at his shop because end users are accessing their files faster via the cloud† (Computer World). One recommended use of the cloud system is test run or seasonal IT systems. Rather than expanding physical datacenter space for temporary projects, the public servers can be easily setup to run and store data. â€Å"The public cloud is great for short term usage, since very few enterprises have spare servers lying around anymore. Instead, it enables IT to have quick response to new projects without having to preplan† (Computer World). The article does warn, however, that low barrier to entry can be over-sourced. Often-times end users might jump into applications on cloud networks without consulting their IT professionals. This could lead to costly changes down the line, which could have been easily fixed at the setup of the systems. Despite being in an early stage of development, cloud computing already has a definite niche in the business and IT world. One of the main drawbacks at this point is the lack of integration between systems. Previous attempts to create cloud integration technology, such as CapeClear’s enterprise service bus, and a universal bus system by Grand Central, have failed to stay in business. The overall trend of using virtual servers, however, does seem appear to be here to stay. Sources: â€Å"What Cloud Computing Really Means† Infoworld. com Knorr, 4-27-2008 http://www. infoworld. com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031 â€Å"Moving to the cloud: Big savings, but plan ahead† Computer World Gittlen, March 2010 How to cite Cloud Computing: Two Articles, Papers

Word by Word free essay sample

The only man-made light was the bright orange glow of my fathers cigarette. Cutting through the balmy summer air were the sounds of bullfrogs and crickets happily chirping away. The bench where I sat was hard, but I did not care; it was simply enough for me to be with my dad on this quiet evening. I inhaled the intoxicating scent of honeysuckle and enjoyed the sight of lightning bugs dancing across the yard. The night was calm yet teeming with an unseen energy that made the world seem to pulsate with life. Its energy washed over me, and I was perfectly tranquil. My dad and I talked about politics (he thought Arnold Schwarzenegger would make a great governor of California; I agreed), love (he said boys were stupid and I should wait until I was older; I disagreed), and everything in between. It was a comfortable conversation, languid and easy. We will write a custom essay sample on Word by Word or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He listened to my opinions about life and society. He chewed them over respectfully as if I were a business partner and not an awkward young girl. I returned the favor. I listened to the drawling rise and fall of his voice encouraging me to be independent, to laugh at myself when I screwed up, and to put God first, others second, and myself last. I lived for nights like that – drank them in like water. My father could not have known it then but our simple conversations meant more to me than just small talk. I learned about life and my place in it. I discovered that I could do anything I wanted as long as I worked hard and led an honest life. When Dad told me these things, I listened – not only with my ears but with my heart. I took them in and kept them close to me, replaying them in my mind whenever a challenge crossed my path. Six years later, those conversations are still with me. Opinions I formed and ideas we discussed then are still relevant today. Although time has passed, my dad is gone, and its been a long time since I had time to sit and enjoy a balmy summer night, I still find myself using our chats as a foundation for who I am today. The encouragement in his words gets me through those pre-calculus equations. His goofy sayings replay in my head when I spill coffee on myself. He gave me my strong-headed tendency to defend an opinion into the ground. He could not have known it then but those simple exchanges of words and ideas on those humid summer evenings define who I am today. As a carpenter, my father created his work piece by piece, but as a dad, he defined me word by word.

The Kkk Essays - Anti-Catholicism In The United States, Ku Klux Klan

The Kkk The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK as known today, was started in the spring of 1866. Six Confederate veterans formed a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee. This KKK only lasted a short six years, but left tactics and rituals that later started in generations. (Ingalls, 9) The Klan was a small group very much in secrecy at first. The exact date of the beginning is unknown. Despite all of the secrecy the six KKK members initiated new members to join their social club. (Ingalls, 9) A year after the creation of the KKK, the onetime social club joined the raising campaign against the Republican Reconstruction. The new direction of the Klan was well planned and organized. The Klan was now ready to expand to a bigger group. The Klan adopted a prescript. This was an organizational structure allowing the Klan to spread across the south. New members had to be over 18, pay $1, sworn to secrecy, recruits pledged to protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless, from the indignities, wrongs, and outrages of the lawless, the violent, and the brutal. The highly centralized plan for expanding the KKK spread so rapidly that most chapters operated alone. The founders of the KKK lost control, and it became impossible to talk about a single KKK. Yet Klan activities still followed a common pattern throughout the south. (Ingalls 11-12) The Klan now started to spread across Tennessee. At first the Klan used tricks to keep blacks in their place. At first, the Klan would ride around on horses, and with their white robes, and white pointed masks, try to scare blacks. They would try to act like ghost with their white uniforms. Unfortunately, the Klan quickly moved to more violent pranks. (Ingalls, 12) The Klan would now suppress blacks. The Klan leaders proved unable to control their followers. Although the violence was often random, there was a method in the madness. The victims were almost always black or if white, associated with the hatred of the Republican party. The Klan had fear of black equality and sparked attacks on schools setup for freed slaves. The Klan would warn the blacks not to attend school, and would scare the teachers, most from out of state, to leave town. (Ingalls 12-13) Many groups started forming around the south called the Ku Kluxers. The Klan was being noticed as The Invisible Empire. However and wherever Klan's were formed they all followed the same pattern set by the Tennessee Klan. The Klan became the greatest terror in 1868, when their attacks were against Republicans and elect democrats. Thousands of blacks and whites fell victim to the murders and beatings given by the KKK. (Ingalls, 13) In 1869, General Forrest, the Grand Wizard of the KKK ordered Klansmen to restrict their activities. The Klan was getting out of control, and Congress passed a Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871. By the end of 1872, the federal crackdown had taken control of the KKK. Because of the restriction and the Act passed, violence was isolated but still continued. The KKK was dead, and Reconstruction lived on in southern legend . This would not be the last of the KKK. On the night of Thanksgiving in 1915, sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia climbed to the top of Stone Mountain and built an altar of stones on which they placed an American flag. They then stood up a sixteen foot long cross and burned it. One week later, this group applied for a state charter making it The Knights of the KKK, Inc. This was put in effect during the Reconstruction. The new Klan at first received little attention. Only in time, it became the biggest and most powerful Klan in history. Klan membership was limited to native-born, white, Protestant American Men. The Klan message was clearly to appeal to people who were troubled by abrupt changes in American Society. (Ingalls, 16-17) Many believe that the biggest growth of the KKK began when Colonel Simmons, considerably the founder of the new KKK, linked up with Edward Young Clarke and Elizabeth Tyler. In June 1920, Clarke and Simmons signed a contract that guaranteed Clarke a share of Klan profits. Clarke and Tyler would receive a good amount of money for every new KKK member, which the fee would be $10.00, $4.00 went to the Kleagle (an official in the KKK), $1 went to the King Kleagle (state leader of the Klan), $.50 to the Grand Goblin, and $2.50 to Clarke and Tyler. The final $2.00

Prostitution in Bangkok

Prostitution in Bangkok As far as prostitution in Bangkok is concerned, it has been estimated that here are about 200 European women and 500 Chinese women in the sex industry (Clark, 2005, p. 23). This has come to be referred to as the dark side of Thailand that people don’t know which portrays a narrow segment of life in Bangkok. In this case, it has been estimated that the sex industry as a whole generates more than 100 billion baht each year.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution in Bangkok specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has always been as a result of various short term sex establishments that have sprung up as time goes by. As far as the industry as a whole is concerned, thousands of women are always sold to brothels in Bangkok by unscrupulous job brokers. Brothels have always operated in an organized international syndicate for their own sustainability when it comes to money issues. 40% of foreigners make up majori ty of prostitutes in different establishments in Bangkok (Clark, 2005, p. 55). The industry has different segmentations based on the amount of money that is involved in the business. It should be known that a large number of women and children alike are always lured into the business from neighboring countries to Bangkok with the promise and expectation of good money. This implies that most of these prostitutes want to go to Bangkok for prostitution because of the thriving industry in the country which might not be the case in their own countries (Seabrook, 1996, p. 35). Thai women always move to other roles in the sex industry which therefore requires replacement that is always done by trafficking in other foreign women who are estimated at more than 10,000 every year. As much as fewer Thai women have entered the sex industry in recent years, there has been a large influx of women from Burma and Southern China into the country for prostitution (Murcott, 1991, p. 62). Most prostitut es in Bangkok have entered the country illegally which shows that there are thousands of foreign women in the sex industry. Prostitution culture and public opinions It should be known that prostitution is one of the areas where issues of people’s private life are always subjected to public opinion as far as cultural history is concerned. This means that there are several underlying factors that have been behind the prostitution culture in Thailand and more specifically Bangkok.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The practice of prostitution is illegal but it has been practiced throughout the country which raises various integrity issues (Cleo, 1994, p. 9). The fact that prostitution is illegal in the country has made it difficult for various stakeholders to estimate the exact number of women and children who are involved in the sex industry. On the other hand, just like in other countries, people’s views about prostitution in Thailand have always been influenced by cultural changes that have emerged with modernity (Hanna, 2004, p. 89). Visiting a prostitute or a mistress in Thailand is common but it doesn’t mean that it is acceptable behavior. This is a held public opinion that has been ignored by different people who are involved in the sex industry. The society has a lot of tolerance to the downtrodden which has ended up shaping perceptions and attitudes towards prostitution. It should be known that the attitude of different Thai girls towards prostitution is shaped by the society’s cultural norm. The acceptance of tolerating people who are downtrodden has enabled prostitution to flourish without any social stigma that is found in other countries and societies (Peracca, 2005, p. 16). Social stigma towards prostitution in Thailand has not taken root because prostitutes provide assistance to their families and relatives. This has therefore tilted public opinion in their favor as time goes by thereby creating a new culture where although prostitution is illegal, it is wholly embraced by the society (McCamish, 2002. p. 40). The political power has not been able to create some national subjectivity that is desired to make a firm national position or opinion about prostitution and the sex industry in Thailand. Thailand’s modernization has been greatly influenced by many cultures that relate to western capitalism thereby playing a big role in shaping peoples opinion on the issue of prostitution. As far as culture is concerned, prostitution in Thailand is illegal but it is tolerated and partly regulated in practice (Bales, 1999, p. 19). This means that the country is breeding a culture of child prostitution based on different and diverse aspects that are supposed to be evaluated if public opinion is expected to shift in the near future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pros titution in Bangkok specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gambling culture in Thailand It should be known that Thailand, at least at a faà §ade level, is not a gambling state as many people might assume it to be. This means that the state does not in any way permit casinos and sports books although official lottery is allowed. There are certain underlying factors that will always tempt people into gambling in different societies which are expected depending on the motive. As far as the culture in the country is concerned, there are other officially endorsed activities apart from gambling. On the other hand, as much as it is illegal, it is widely popular in the country just like any other place. Illegality in gambling in Thailand means that there is more discretion that is involved (Rich, 2007, p. 20). There has been an argument that the Thai government should legalize some forms of gambling from different quarters of the country but these needs proper review for long term sustainability. Just like prostitution, gambling is illegal but there are other people who have continued with the practice without fear. As far as this issue is concerned, it is quite obvious that gambling has some economic and social impacts whether it is legal or illegal. There are some small exceptions that allow people to gamble in one way or the other. This therefore brings us to the aspect of the effects of gambling to the society and individuals. Legalized and illegal gambling will always have some effects on the society in the country in one way or the other. There are many illegal gambling spots in the country known as Siam. This can be explained from the fact that many foreign nationals have always come in the country to engage in these illegal gambling. This means that the practice is acceptable amongst the citizens as an economic activity that can give them money (Kausch, 2003, p. 37). People get addicted to gambling because of the monetary r eturns that are associated with it. This means that as long as somebody is getting money from gambling, she or he will continue doing it in the long term. In the process, this has often led to addiction to gambling with far reaching consequences. As time goes by, different cartels have emerged by to protect their interest as far as gambling is concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should be known that there are grave dangers for people who do not want to pay as far as gambling is concerned. People who get on the wrong side of gamblers have always paid with death which has led to a bad culture that is emerging in the country. The psychology of gambling There are different aspects of gambling that are supposed to be understood. In this case, it should be known that addiction to gambling can always ruin finances and family relationships in one way or the other. This means that there are different psychological aspects that are used by casinos to encourage people into gambling. In fact, it is as far as making a bet on the outcome of different events is concerned. Gambling is always considered an immoral activity because those people who engage in it might end up stealing or coming crimes to get the money. In the long run, it always leads to greater poverty because people want to continue playing and pay debts that they have incurred as a result of gambling (Ha gan, 2010, p. 27). Gambling has always been seen as a manifestation of greed by various people in the society. This is because despite the greed and laziness, there is a desire to get rich as time goes by without working hard or investing in anything. There is an exploitation of human frailty that is involved in gambling which explains why it has thrived illegally in Thailand and other countries. Gambling becomes a problem in the society when an individual cannot control what he or she is spending in the long run and short run. There is always a rush mentality to gambling although there is an addiction to some occasional pay offs. On the other hand, gambling can be fun when it becomes more than a game. In this case, people become addicted to gambling because of the thrill to win and the anticipation of winning. People who are addicted to gambling believe that it can help them in alleviating different and diverse problems that they might be facing in one way or the other. This means that such individuals are likely to spend considerable amounts of money to get whatever they want as far as gambling is concerned (Volberg, 2002, p. 103). Therefore compulsive gambling has been described as a disorder that affects various people in Thailand who engage in gambling illegally in one way or the other. Narcotics, how people get addicted There are various factors that have always led to addiction in one way or the other depending on the prevailing situation and circumstance. Using narcotics has never caused addiction in any way. People therefore become physiologically dependent on drugs as time goes by. In this case, it does occur that there is nobody who starts depending on drugs from the word go but rather it takes time (Rang, 2003, p. 44). This means that there is an addiction cycle that is followed by everybody before they become fully fledged addicts. The addiction cycle is the reoccurring process that takes place as people cope with addiction. In the first stage the re is always acting out where people engage in some behavior to relive stress (Roesner, 2006, p. 72). After acting out, there is always guilt and remorse due to sinning that the individual has engaged in. Shame and depression follows guilt and remorse because people feel badly about themselves based on what they have done. Shame and depression leads to recommitments as a result of the behavior that people engage in (Hillman, 2008, p. 60). Most notably, there is some recommitment to the same habit that an individual was feeling shame about. Performance follows recommitment which ultimately leads to stress that makes people and individuals to continue using the drug. Stress can be manifested in different ways but it is brought about by diverse and distinct aspects. Fear of failure, fear of rejection and expectations can always lead to stress which should be understood. People turn to the life of crime and prostitution to support addiction because such aspects are related in one way or the other. Addiction is very bad and an individual needs the drug to support his life which means that they can do anything to get the money that will get those drugs (Boob, 2007, p. 51). Many drug users will always turn to prostitution to support their habits because they never have any meaningful way of getting money. By engaging in prostitution they will be able to get money and thereby continue using drugs. On the other hand, people who cannot engage in prostitution will turn to crime to get money. In this case, addicts can only support their behavior by turning to prostitution and crime (Gass, 2008, p. 39). Lacking income to support an illegal habit is very bad which turns people to crime and prostitution. It should be known that pimps always use violence and drugs as a control mechanism in different ways. This is always a strategy of control over their activities should be understood for long term sustainability when it comes to understanding this issue. In this case, drugs a re a control mechanism that they have always used to support their activities when it comes to monopolizing. The most renowned form of control mechanism has always been violence but if this fails to work out, pimps have always resorted to drugs. Just like other drug dealers, pimps are also able to keep their business by using any means possible. All in all, it should be known that drug addiction, prostitution and crime are related in one way or the other meaning that they will always thrive together. Reference List Bales, K. (1999). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Boob, G. (2007). Stress, Dysregulation of Drug Reward Pathways, and the Transition to Drug Dependence. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Clark, J. (2005). Falang: Behind Bangkoks Smile. Bangkok: Oxford press. Cleo, O. (1994). Patpong Sisters: An American Womans View of the Bangkok Sex World. New York: Routledge. Fuller, P. (1975). The Psychology of Gambling . New York: Harper Colophon Books. Gass, T. (2008). Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Hagan, K, (2010). Gambling linked to one in five suicidal patients. Melbourne: The Age. Hanna, D. (2004). Brit Girls who pay Thais for no-strings sex. Thailand: Daily Mirror. Hillman, D. (2008).The Chemical Muse. New York City: St. Martins Press. Kausch, O. (2003). Patterns of substance abuse among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Thailand: The Nation. McCamish, M. (2002). The structural relationships of Support from male sex workers in Pattaya to rural parents in Thailand. Bangkok: Parallax Press. Murcott, S. (1991). The First Buddhist Women: Translations and Commentary on the Therigatha. Bangkok: Parallax Press. Peracca, S. (2005).Young teens happy with sex work. Thailand: The Nation. Rang, H. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Rich, B. (2007). Gambling had role in religious history. Bangkok: Oxford press. Roesner, S. (2006). New pharmacological approaches for the treatment of alcoholism. New York: Routledge. Seabrook, J. (1996).Travels in the Skin Trade: Tourism and the Sex Industry. Bangkok: Parallax Press. Volberg, A. (2002). The epidemiology of pathological gambling. New York: St. Martins Press.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example There is a great time lag between the conception of a facility and the actual construction and startup. Operating at designed capacity can cause rapid wear and breakdowns. Generally, operating at design capacity basically means operating at the organization’s productive limits. The designed capacity is 20,000 kg. Effective capacity Effective capacity of a facility is important in determining the extent to which a facility can produce. It is therefore defined as the ratio between design capacity and the expected capacity of the intended facility.It is worth noting effective capacity is affected by a firm’s production schedule, production mix, maintenance standards and age of equipment’s. The formula for effective capacity is given by: Effective capacity=expected capacity/design capacity. Effective=16000/20000=0.8=80% The effective capacity=16000 Actual output A production facility can produce a certain amount of product at a given time period. The actual amount of product that can be produced by a production facility at given time period is called actual output. This is different from amount that the facility could produce if it were to run at full theoretical capacity. Specifically, the actual output is given by: 60/100X20000=12000 kg Utilization Utilization is the percent of design capacity. It is given by actual output/design capacity =12000/20000=60% Efficiency Effective capacity is the actual output as a percent of effective capacity. It is given by the formula: actual output/effective capacity =12000/16000=75% B) Capacity of a system is its ability to produce goods or enhance the delivering of services over some time period. For a system to realize its full potential a proper capacity planning is inevitable. That is, the long term and short term plans to help the system achieve its full potential. Short term concerns relate to the variations in capacity requirements as a result of random, seasonal and irregular fluctuations in demand; while long term considerations relate to the overall level of capacity. There are several factors that affect a firm’s productive capacity. Some of these factors are within management’s control while others are not. Factors such as physical resources and utilization of labor are within the management’s control. Organization capacity also faces management challenges such as personal issues, technological maximization and output controls. A firm can profit significantly from efficient resources management. The actual output may be even less than the system capacity since it is affected by short-range factors such as actual demand. Therefore, managing actual output is important for effective production of a firm. As a project manager, I will advice the human resource manager to undertake the following strategies in managing the actual output and to cope with major changes in products and services. These options include; developing a new product line, expanding exis ting facilities and construction or phase out production plants. In some instance, the firm may be forced to use phase-in-strategy for introducing the next model of the same product or service to retain and/or improve its actual output. In general, the firm should be comfortable producing between 80 to 90% capacity utilization because of low fixed costs per unit and there is some scope to meet new orders or carry out maintenance and training. Efficiency should hold a more vital role as it can

Legalized marijuana in medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalized marijuana in medicine - Research Paper Example The history and role of marijuana in our society, cultivation, medical benefits and its eventual prohibition by the federal government has been a subject of controversy, mystery and propaganda. Despite being legal for medical use in 13 states the federal government still classifies marijuana as a Schedule I Controlled Substance under the 1970 Controlled Substance Act. By their own definition a Schedule I substance is classified as; being highly addictive in nature, possesses no medical accepted medical use, and there is a lack of accepted safety for medical use of the drug or substance even under medical supervision, yet research has proven that none of this assumptions are true. As a matter of fact despite the mounting body of scientific and anecdotal evidence suggesting the medical and therapeutic benefits of medical cannabis the federal government refuses to recognize the medicinal value of cannabis. Regardless of the fact that cannabis has been proven to be safer and more effecti ve than a variety of drugs the federal government continues to maintain its unreasonable stance on marijuana prohibition. The financial personal and social costs of prohibition have been great for the public in general that are unfortunate enough to get arrested in a marijuana related incident. Furthermore the goals of prohibition have not being achieved since prohibition has created a black that market increases crime rate drugs availability. As matter of fact it is easier for a minor to buy marihuana than legal drugs such as tobacco or alcohol since distribution is not regulated like for alcohol and tobacco and which directly has caused marihuana to be easier to obtain for has not fallen and has been utterly ineffective at reducing crime rates or hard drug use. The real reasons for marijuana prohibition have nothing to do with the inherent safety of the drug itself, but are directly influenced by the economic impact that

Comparative Study Between TBP and Dibutylalkyl Phosphonates

Comparative Study Between TBP and Dibutylalkyl Phosphonates CHAPTER 7 PHOSPHONATES AS ALTERNATIVE TO TBP FOR ACTINIDES AND FISSION PRODUCTS Solvent extraction studies of U (VI), Th (IV), Eu (III) and Tc (VII) in dibutylalkyl phosphonates have been carried out in present study. Uptake of these metal ion and formation of metal-ligand bond is a direct consequence of phosphorus-carbon bond and to understand the influence of these changes in the bond was the main objective for the present study. Thus synthesis and solvent extraction studies of Dibutyl Propyl Phosphonate (DBPrP) and Dibutyl Pentyl Phosphonate (DBPeP) were carried and were compared with those available for Tributyl Phosphate (TBP). Thus this study will represent a comparative study between TBP and dibutylalkyl phosphonates. 7.1 Introduction Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is a complex system with large number of elements and there isotopes which are produced during the nuclear fission of U and Pu. These spent fuel rods containing activation products along with fission products needs to be dealt while reprocessing and waste management of SNF which is carried out at reprocessing plant. TBP a triester of phosphoric acid is a major extractant used for nuclear fuel reprocessing that is Plutonium Uranium Extraction PUREX processes worldwide for the separation of uranium and plutonium from the dissolver solution [1]. Even though it has been a workhorse in nuclear industry since long period there are major drawbacks like its significant solubility in aqueous phase, third phase formation during macro level extraction of tetravalent actinides in nitric acid medium, low selectivity of U and Pu over Zr and Ru and presence of chemical and radiolytic degradation products of TBP viz. monobutyl and dibutyl phosphoric acid are responsible for lowering the decontamination factor (DF) [2-6]. Significant research in the scientific community using higher homologs of TBP has shown that they are more resistant to third phase formation and aqueous solubility. Basicity of the phosphoryl oxygen and the nature of substituents attached to the P atom are key factor responsible for the extraction ability of any organophosphorus extractant. Enhancement of the basicity on the phosphoryl group may be achieved by replacement of C-O-P group directly by C-P group. Neutral organophosphorus extractants show the variation in the basicity of the phosphoryl oxygen as phosphine oxide > phosphinates > phosphonates > phosphates [7]. Studies in the past have reported that phosphonates are better extractants for the extraction of uranium and thorium as compared to that with corresponding phosphates [8, 9]. In the nuclear reprocessing industry dibutylalkyl phosphonate was found to be one of the promising candidates as a replacement for TBP. Lower D values than that of corresponding phosphinates and phosphorus oxide makes stripping easier in case of phosphonates. The main objective of this study was to focus on the potential extraction capabilities of U (VI), Th (IV), Eu (III) and Tc (VII) which are relevant from nuclear fuel cycle view point by the phosphonates DBPrP and DBPeP. 7.2 Synthesis of Dibutylalkyl Phosphonates Phosphonates used in the present study was synthesized using Michaelis Becker reaction [10]. In this reaction equimolar amount of sodium is allowed to react with dialkylhydrogen phosphonate and dialkylsodium phosphonate thus obtained is further allowed to react with alkyl halides and final product with P-C bond is obtained. Figure 7.1 Michaelis-Becker Reaction Preset reaction involves nucleophilic substitution of phosphorus on alkyl halide to yield phosphonate as shown in the figure below. Figure 7.2 Mechanism for Michaelis-Becker Reaction The preparation of these phosphonates were carried out in a refluxation unit by drop wise addition of dibutylhydrogen phosphate over a period of 30 minutes to the reaction mixture i.e. sodium (1.15g, 0.05 mol) + hexane (100 mL). The addition of dibutylhydrogen phosphate was continued until the dissolution of sodium was complete. After this complete reaction mixture was stirred under gentle refluxation for about 4 hours during which 1-bromoalkane was added over a period of half-an-hour. This reaction mixture was then washed with water after cooling it at room temperature after which the product was distilled using reduced pressure to get rid of impurities. 7.3 Mechanism of Extraction in Dibutylalkyl Phosphonates Uptake of metal ions from the aqueous phase using dibutylalkyl phosphonates is by formation of neutral complex formation. Solvation of metal ion takes place by nitrate ion which is the aqueous phase used in the present studies. Then the solvation of these neutral metal nitrate species takes place with the help of dibutylalkyl phosphonate which gets extracted be the organic phase. MX+aq + X NO3 + nDBAPorg M(NO3)X.nDBAPorg Following equation gives the equilibrium constant for the above reaction Keq = [M(NO3)X.nDBAP]org / [MX+aq] [NO3]X[DBAPorg]n Distribution ratio (D) is the ratio of activity of metal ion in organic phase to that in the aqueous phase at equilibrium, which can be rearranged and represented in the following way. D = Keq [NO3] X[DBAPorg]n Distribution ratio depends on the concentration of nitrate ions and concentration of extractant. There is always a rise in the D value as the nitrate ion concentration increases while the fall at higher acidity indicates the extraction of nitric acid. 7.4 Solvent Extraction Studies Extraction of U (VI), Th (IV), Eu (III) and Tc (VII) with were carried out in a plastic tube with preequliberated organic phase that comprised of 1.1 M DBPrP and DBPeP in n-dodecane. 2 mL of preequliberated extractant was agitated with 2 mL of nitric acid in a shaking incubator at 25 0C for 1 hour. After the equilibration the two phases were allowed to separate and were analysed for the metal ion content using suitable technique. 7.4.1 Extraction studies of nitric acid Around 2 mL of various concentrations of nitric acid (0.1-6M) were taken in an equilibration tube and equilibrated with 1.1 M DBPrP/DBPeP, n-dodecane at room temperature for an hour. The nitric acid concentration in both the phases was determined by acid-base titration. Figure below depicts the uptake of nitric acid in DBPrP and DBPeP compared with the available literature values of TBP. As observed from the plot it is clear that D values in case of phosphonates are higher as compared with that of TBP which is the direct consequence of the higher basicity of the phosphonates. Prasanna et al. have reported that the changes in alkyl group structure do not have significant affect on extraction of nitric acid [11]. 7.4.2 Extraction Studies of U (VI) After the equilibration the two phases were separated and analysed for U (VI) content spectrophotometrically using Arsenazo-III as chromogenic agent [12]. Organic phase concentration was estimated by subtracting concentration of U (VI) in equilibrated aqueous phase from the initial feed concentration. Below figure shows the comparative data for the uptake of U (VI) in TBP, DBPeP and DBPrP in the complete nitric acid range (0.1-6 M). There was a constant increase in the uptake of U (VI) metal ion with the increase in nitric acid concentration. Also the observed increase in the uptake of U (VI) as TBP Figure 7.3 Variation of DU(VI) as the function of acid concentration for Dibutylalkyl phosphonates at 25 0C 7.4.3 Extraction Studies of Th (IV) Figure 7.4 depicts the variation of extraction behavior of Th (IV) by 1.1 M of TBP, DBPrP and DBPeP extraction in n-dodecane under identical conditions. As expected there is a constant rise in the D values as the concentration of nitric acid goes on increasing. Also higher analogs of neutral organophosphorus extractant shows the higher uptake which is again a direct conciquence of the increased bascicity on phophoryl oxygen the highest uptake of Th (IV) is Figure 7.4 Variation of DTh(IV) as the function of acid concentration for Dibutylalkyl phosphonates at 25 0C 7.4.4 Extraction Studies of Europium (III) Figure 7.5 Variation of DEu(III) as the function of acid concentration for Dibutylalkyl phosphonates at 25 0C 7.4.5 Extraction Studies of Technetium (VII) Figure 7.3 Variation of DTc(VII) as the function of acid concentration for Dibutylalkyl phosphonates at 25 0C References Schulz, W.W.; Berger, L.L.; Navratil, J.D. Eds.; Science and Technology of TBP; RC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1990; Vol. 3. Crouse, D.J.; Arnold, W.D.; Hurst, F.J. Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference (ISEC’83), Denver, Colorado, 1983; pp 90–96. Marcus, Y.; Kertes, A.S. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction of Metal Complexes; Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1969; p 953–954. Kolarik, Z. Proc. International Solvent Extraction Conference, Toronto, Canada; Lucas, B. H., Ritcey, G. M., Smith, H. N., Eds.; 1977; Vol. 1. Kertes, A. S. Solvent Extraction Chemistry of Metals; McKay, H. A. C., Healy, T.V., Jenkins, I. L., Naylor. A, Eds.; Macmillan: NY, 1965; p. 377–379. Srinivasan, T. G.; Ahmed, M. K.; Shakila, A.M.; Damodaran, R.; Vasudeva Rao, P. R.;Mathews, C. K. Third phase formation in the extraction of Pu by TBP. Radiochim. Acta. 1986, 40, 151–154. Berger, L. L. Uranium and plutonium extraction by organophosphorus compounds. J. Phys. Chem. 1958, 62, 590–593. Siddall,T.H., III. Trialkylphosphates and dialkylalkylphoshonates in uranium and thorium extraction. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1959, 51(1), 41–44. Madigan, D.C.; Cattrall, R.W. The extraction of thorium from nitrate solution by dibutylbutyl phosphonate. J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem. 1961, 21, 334–338. Kosalapoff, G.M. Isomerisation of alkylphosphites. III. The synthesis of n-alkylphosphonic acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 1180–1182. R. Prasanna, A. Suresh, T.G. Srinivasan, P.R. Vasudeva Rao, Extraction of nitric acid by some trialkyl phosphates, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 222 (1-2) (1997) 231-234. Perez-Bustamante, J. A.; Palomares Delgado, F. The extraction and spectrophotometric determination of sexavalent uranium with Arsenazo III in aqueous-organic media. Analyst 1971, 96, 407–422. Kalina, D.G.; Mason, G.W; Horwitz, E.P. The thermodynamics of extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) from nitric acid by neutral phosphorus based organic compounds, J Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1981, 43, 159–163.

Motivation Theory: Explaining Tourist Behavior

Motivation theory â€Å"Crompton (1979) notes it is possible to describe the who, when, where, and how of tourism, together with the social and economic characteristics of tourist, but not to answer the question â€Å"why,† the most interesting question of all tourist behaviour. † (Fodness 1994, p. 556) While motivation is only one of many variables in explaining tourist behaviour, it is nonetheless   a very critical one, as it constitutes the driving force behind all behaviour (Fodness 1994).Motivation sets the stage for forming people's goals (Mansfeld 2000) and is reflected in both travel choice and behaviour; as such it influences people's expectations, which in turn determine the perception of experiences. Motivation is therefore a factor in satisfaction formation (Gnoth 1997). Basic motivation theory suggests a dynamic process of internal psychological factors (needs, wants and goals), causing an uncomfortable level of tension within individuals’ minds an d bodies, resulting in actions aimed at releasing that tension and satisfying these needs (Fodness 1994).Motives, implying such an action, require the awareness of needs, as well as objectives, promising to satisfy these now conscious needs in order to create wants and move people to buy (Goosens 2000). Objectives or goals are presented in the form of products and services, it is therefore the role of marketing to create awareness of needs and suggest appropriate objectives, promising the satisfaction of these (Mill and Morrison 1985). Several authors suggest (Dumazedier 1967, Krippendorf 1987, Parker 1983) that in the Western World free time and holidays are connected to the concept of self-actualisation or self-realisation.The latter defined by Grunow-Lutter (1983. p. 76) as â€Å"a person's dynamic relationship between the real and the ideal self, constituting a process of decreasing the distance between these two cognitive systems, themselves subject to continuous change. † It is the individual's aim to achieve a state of stability, or homeostasis (Goosens 2000), which is disrupted when the person becomes aware of the gap between real and ideal self, or as Goosens calls it a need deficiency. The resulting need to self-actualise represents the motive, which under the constraints of the situation sets the stage for the process of motivation (Gnoth 1997).But to what extent does tourism satisfy the intrinsic need for self-actualisation? Tinsley and Eldredge (1995) summarise 15 years of research into psychological needs, satisfied by leisure activities, and proposed leisure activities clusters such as novelty, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, vicarious competition, relaxation, agency, belongingness and service. It is questioned however; whether these superficial needs are intrinsically motivated (Goosens 2000, p. 303), suggesting that these motivations are merely culturally learned stereotypes or explanations for lei sure behaviour.As Fodness (1994) states, a widely accepted integrated theory for needs and goals behind motivation is lacking. The question is of course why this is the case. Research into motivation can be distinguished into two categories, the behaviourist and the cognivist approach (Gnoth 1997). The discussion has therefore traditionally revolved around either push or pull factors influencing tourist behaviour (Crompton 1979). Push factors represent lasting dispositions, as they are internally generated drives. The individual, energised by such drives, will then search objects for the promise of drive reduction and develop a motive (Gnoth 1997).The behaviourist view thus emphasises the emotional parameter of decision-making, while the cognivist approach focuses on situational parameters in which motives are expressed, consequently encompassing a certain knowledge which the tourist holds about goal attributes as well as a rational weighing up of situational constraints (Gnoth 1997 ). This cognitive process results in motivations, which are more object specific than motives, as these only imply a class of objects and may result in a range of different behaviours, depending on the situation.This unidimensional approach has been criticised however (Pearce 1993, Parinello 1993), as push and pull factors influence the consumer simultaneously (Hirschman and Holbrook 1986), integrated by the concept of involvement, an unobservable state of motivation, arousal, or interest (Goosens 2000), which is evoked by stimulus or situations. This is the case, since pull factors such as marketing stimuli as well as the destination's and service's attributes respond to and reinforce push factors.Consequently research increasingly seeks to integrate emotions and cognition in the individual's decision-making process (Hartmann 1982, Pearce and Caltabiano 1983, Braun 1989, Gnoth 1997), indicating a more holistic approach. As a result it became evident that people's intrinsic needs ar e influenced by external factors. Rojek (1990) asserts that in post-modern society the superstructure of advertising, television, fashion, lifestyle magazines and designer values increasingly take the role of forming knowledge and beliefs.People's needs are neutral (Heckhausen 1989), as motives however, they require an object towards which the need is directed, and when linked to actual situations, cultural and social impacts are also applied (Gnoth 1997). Situations raise motives to the level of values, as such they are evaluations based on learned behaviour and perception (Lewin 1942, Vroom 1964). If a drive is reduced satisfactorily the individual is likely to remember the behaviour and employ the same behaviour again, thus acquiring habits (Hull 1943).Tourism experiences may therefore become learned behaviour and acquire the role of habit enforcers. Cognivists argue that knowledge and beliefs in future rewards, anticipatory in nature (Vroom 1964), are equally a product of former ly encountered situations (Murray 1938), and external formation. It may be concluded that motives merely represent learned behaviour, which are influenced by offered objects or tourism activities, while motivations represent knowledge and beliefs formed by society and culture or tourism marketers.The psychogenic need for self-actualisation, abstract in nature, is therefore operationalised in a learned and practical manner and expressed in values, which are learned strategies to either adapt one's environment to one's needs or adapt one's self to a given environment (Kahle 1983). Such values equally include effects of enculturation and socialisation (Fodness 1994). Furthermore the perceived gap between real and ideal self, may indicate both externally and internally controlled evaluations (Gnoth 1997).McCabe therefore asks what researchers can expect to know about individuals' drives, by asking them about their motivations and needs as these may not be available to individuals as par t of their consciousness (2000a, p. 215). Iso-Ahola (1982) states that â€Å"people do not walk around with numerous leisure needs in their minds and do not rationalise specific causes of participation if their involvement is intrinsically motivated† (cited in Goosens 2000, p. 303). Hence it may be assumed that needs are suggested by mmediate social peers, and the wider context of particular social realities as well as the influence of the media (McCabe 2000a). Yet as Weissinger and Bandalos (1995) stress, intrinsic leisure motivation, which is a global disposition and describes a tendency to seek intrinsic rewards, is characterised by self-determination, an awareness of internal needs and a strong desire to make free choices based on these needs. While self-actualisation may be accepted as a need intrinsic to all individuals, society exercises a great deal of influence on the formation of the ideal self and thus perceived needs.However the notion of authentic or true self, d etermined by way of experience, offers a solution to the predicament. According to Waterman (1984), individualism symbolises four psychological qualities, the first one is a sense of individual identity, based on the knowledge of who one is and what one's goals and values are, as such it is related to the philosophical concept of true self, which indicates what an individual reckons personally expressive and what it is to be actualised (p. 30).The second is Maslow's self-actualisation, which is the driving to be one's true self. The third quality is Rotter's (1966) internal locus of control, which reflects a willingness to accept personal responsibility for one’s life, and finally prinicipled (postconventional), moral reasoning (Kohlberg 1969), which involves consistency with general abstract principles (cited in Kim and Lee 2000, p. 156). Consequently, only if   tourists become more autonomous and thus aware of intrinsic needs and motives are they able to self-actualise.As McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) explained, order is becoming less important in Western society and a desire for disorder in the tourism experience is becoming more important. Kim and Lee point out that â€Å"opportunities for unplanned action and freedom from institutionalised regulations are distinctive of Western tourists† (2000, p. 157). This indicates that tourists exhibit a certain desire to liberate their identities. According to Krippendorf (1984), in order for tourists to cease being just users of holidays, they must come to know themselves, their motives and other cultures.It may therefore be assumed that self-actualisation is an intrinsic need, characteristic of any tourist, but must be understood in terms of true self as opposed to ideal self and as such is independent of societal pressures and involves the transcendence of habitual behaviours and mindstates. This proposition requires further elaboration and must be viewed in the context of modernity, which hinders t his process but at the same time brought about its awareness.